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Research

Scientific research publications and articles on limb lengthening surgery and bone healing. A brief summary is listed for each article. Please do not rely on these brief summaries, read the complete research publication or article to get the full and accurate details.

Publications and articles are grouped into these sections.
  1. Limb Lengthening Surgery
  2. Bone Healing
  3. Athletic Recovery After Limb Lengthening Surgery
  4. Height and Limb Length: Aesthetics and Psychological Effects

Limb Lengthening Surgery

TitlePublisherDate
Cosmetic Stature Lengthening
795 patients were included in the research. Patients used Ilizarov fixators (267 patients; 33.6%), Lengthening Over Nail (LON) (253 patients; 31.8%), and Implantable Lengthening Nail (ILN) (63 patients; 7.9%). Mean end lengthening achieved was 6.7 cm and mean follow-up duration was 4.9 years.
In conclusion, cosmetic stature lengthening provides favourable height gain, patient satisfaction, and functional outcomes, with a low rate of major complications. However, clear indications, contraindications, and guidelines for cosmetic stature lengthening are required.
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, MGill University Health Centre, CanadaJuly 2020
Femoral lengthening using the Precice intramedullary limb-lengthening system: Outcome comparison following antegrade and retrograde nails
Research on 107 femoral lengthening operations in 92 patients.
In summary, both femoral and tibial motorized lengthening nails are reliable implants for limb lengthening, with a low number of complications. Preoperative planning, intraoperative control, and adequate postoperative care and follow-up are essential in order to achieve a good result.
Bone and Joint JournalSep 2019
Limb lengthening and deformity correction with externally controlled motorized intramedullary nails: evaluation of 50 consecutive lengthenings
Research on 34 lengthenings using the Precice lengthening nail and 16 lengthenings the Fitbone device, both fully implantable motorized lengthening nails.
Conclusion: This study confirms excellent results in femoral lengthening with antegrade and retrograde Precice nails.
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University, NorwayJune 2018
PRECICE Intramedullary Limb Lengthening System: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness
Precice nail is generally better than ISKD or external fixators.
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in HealthDec 2017
The Association of Tibia Femur Ratio and Degenerative Disease of the Spine, Hips, and Knees
Increasing tibia length relative to femur length (i.e. overlengthening the tibias) was found to be a significant predictor of ipsilateral hip and knee arthritis.
Journal of Pediatric OrthopedicsAug 2017
What Risk Factors Predict Usage of Gastrocsoleus Recession During Tibial Lengthening?
Patients with lengthening of greater than 42 mm tibia, lengthening of greater than 13% of tibia length, and congenital etiology were more likely to undergo gastrocsoleus recession (GSR). These patients gained 24 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion after GSR.
Dr Robert Rozbruch and other doctorsFeb 2014

Bone Healing

TitlePublisherDate
Nutritional Aspects of Bone Health and Fracture Healing
Extensive research article on what improves bone healing and also what impairs bone healing. Some examples are below, but read the publication for the complete information.
Calcium - Milk and other dairy products are the best source of calcium but also significant amounts are contained in foods such as green leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach), broccoli, almonds, legumes, and seafood.
Vitamin D - Foods that can contain high amounts of vitamin D are eggs, liver, fish, and breakfast cereals.
Other Nutrients - How Sodium, Phosphorus, Copper, various vitamins, and more affect bone health.
The Role of Smoking and Alcohol - Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can adversely affect bone health.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GreeceDec 2017
Effects of Exercise or Mechanical Stimulation on Bone Development and Bone Repair
The current evidence indicates that mechanical loading is positive for better callus properties and faster bone regeneration.
Institute of Physical Education, Anyang Normal University, ChinaSep 2022
Cissus Quadrangularis in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
It is used in the treatment of osteoporosis, asthma, cough, hemorrhoids, and gonorrhea. Cissus may be useful not only in building up bones but in improving functional efficiency. The extract also neutralizes the antianabolic effect of cortisone in healing of fractures, possibly due to its high vitamin C content.
Several Universities in India2013
Beer is a rich source of silicon and may help prevent osteoporosis
Silicon is present in beer in the soluble form of orthosilicic acid (OSA), which yields 50% bioavailability, making beer a major contributor to silicon intake in the Western diet. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), dietary silicon (Si), as soluble OSA, may be important for the growth and development of bone and connective tissue, and beer appears to be a major contributor to Si intake. MODERATE beer consumption may help fight osteoporosis, a disease of the skeletal system characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (though EXCESSIVE beer consumption is detrimental to bone healing and overall health).
Department of Food Science & Technology at the University of California, Davis / ScienceDailyFeb 2010

Athletic Recovery After Limb Lengthening Surgery

TitlePublisherDate
Functional recovery of daily living and sports activities after cosmetic bilateral tibia lengthening
Patients who had undergone bilateral cosmetic tibial lengthening may expect almost full recovery of daily and light sports activities at post-operative two years. However, several patients may feel some limitation in moderate-to-strenuous sports activities.
Orthopedic Medical Schools in South Korea, including Dr Dong Hoon LeeOct 2018
Recovery of muscle strength and power after limb-lengthening surgery
Research of athletic recovery after leg lengthening with the Ilizarov external fixators. There is a small residual decrease in muscle strength and power after limb-lengthening surgery but that these do not adversely impact on a patients' ability to perform everyday functional activities.
Physiotherapy Research Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre National Health Service Trust, Oxford, EnglandMar 2010

Height and Limb Length: Aesthetics and Psychological Effects

TitlePublisherDate
Men's Physical Stature: Tackling Heightism and Challenges in Fashion Consumption
In total, twelve men exhibiting a height of 5'8" or less participated. The findings indicate that "heightism" is prevalent in today's society. As well, the results reveal that overall appearance and physical stature become less important as people grow older. It is evident that short male consumers encounter challenges when they shop for fashionable and well-fitting clothing. They are underserved by the fashion industry and often impacted by judgmental biases. The study supports that garment alteration and buying clothes from the children's section, or a bespoke tailor are not ideal solutions for short men. Furthermore, many of them just accept the fact that they are short and try to find ways to alleviate their frustration when consuming fashion.
Fashion at the Creative School, Toronto Metropolitan University Aug 2022
Psychological and Orthopedic Outcomes after Stature Lengthening Surgery Using Intramedullary Nails
Patients undergo stature-lengthening surgery (SLS) with the hope of improving their psychological health. The presumption is that increased height will improve body-image and self-esteem.
Fifteen patients (32 bone segments) who underwent SLS were included in the study. All patients were bilateral, and one patient underwent four-segment treatments in two stages.
Patients' significant increase in BIQLI (body image quality of life inventory) score postoperatively, when compared to their scores preoperatively, demonstrate higher satisfaction in their body-image following SLS. Significant improvement in patients' SIBID (situational inventory of body-image dysphoria) score demonstrate a decrease in the impact of stature dysphoria in patients' everyday life following SLS.
SLS is a safe and effective treatment to increase height. In patients, psychological health, including body-image and self-esteem, is improved.
Journal of Limb Lengthening & Reconstruction Jan-Jun 2020
The influence of leg-to-body ratio, arm-to-body ratio and intra-limb ratio on male human attractiveness University of Cambridge, England May 2018
Why does height matter in hiring?
Full research paper
  • Professional recruiters' evaluations of job candidates reflect a height premium.
  • Recruiters perceive tall job candidates as more competent, employable and healthy.
  • Height matters less for perceived warmth (e.g., likeability) and attractiveness.
  • These results shed additional light on the content of height bias in hiring.
Linnaeus University, Sweden. Labour Market and Discrimination Studies. Oct 2014
Adaptive preferences for leg length in a potential partner
Researching Leg Length to Body (LBR) ratio and attractiveness. Above average leg lengths (i.e. higher LBR ratio) are seen as more attractive for both males and females.
University of Wroclaw, PolandMar 2008